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Temperature Dependent Deformation

Temperature Dependent Deformation

In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer

Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer

Published on: January 30, 2020

3D printed deformable sensors.

Zhijie Zhu¹, Hyun Soo Park², Michael C McAlpine¹

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

Science Advances

|June 30, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an adaptive 3D printing system that adjusts toolpaths in real-time for printing on moving biological surfaces. This enables compliant biomedical sensors to be printed directly onto organs for monitoring and treatment.

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Last Updated: Dec 17, 2025

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Additive Manufacturing
Robotics

Background:

Direct printing of biomedical devices on human organs is challenging due to biological surface deformation.
Existing methods lack real-time adaptation for dynamic anatomical surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an in situ 3D printing system capable of real-time adaptation to biological surface motion and deformation.
To demonstrate the feasibility of printing compliant biomedical sensors on live organs.

Main Methods:

An adaptive 3D printing system was engineered to estimate and compensate for surface deformations.
A hydrogel-based sensor was printed onto a porcine lung model experiencing respiratory motion.
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) was used for continuous spatial mapping of the printed sensor's deformation.

Main Results:

The system successfully printed a compliant hydrogel sensor onto a deforming porcine lung.
The printed sensor conformed to the tissue surface and enabled continuous deformation mapping.
Demonstrated real-time toolpath adaptation to respiration-induced lung movement.

Conclusions:

Adaptive 3D printing offers a viable solution for creating wearable electronics and biological materials on dynamic biological surfaces.
This technology has the potential to significantly advance robot-assisted medical treatments and in-body additive manufacturing.
Enables autonomous printing of devices for patient monitoring and wound treatment directly on organs.