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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
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Identifying interactive biological pathways associated with reading disability.

Hope Sparks Lancaster1,2, Xiaonan Liu2, Valentin Dinu1

  • 1College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

Brain and Behavior
|June 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reading disability arises from complex gene and environmental interactions. Key factors include specific genes, neural pathways, and behavioral traits, highlighting a multifaceted etiology.

Keywords:
cognitiondevelopmentgeneticsinformatics

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Reading disability is a complex disorder with suspected genetic and environmental influences.
  • Previous research indicates gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the complex etiological factors contributing to reading disability.
  • To explore gene-gene and gene-environment interactions using a systems approach.
  • To identify genetic, demographic, and environmental predictors of reading disability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children dataset.
  • Employed machine learning to assess contributions of genetic, demographic, and environmental variables.
  • Conducted pathway and network analysis to investigate functional gene interactions.

Main Results:

  • Identified multiple genes (e.g., RAPGEF2, KIAA0319, DLC1) and biological pathways (e.g., neuron migration) interacting in reading disability.
  • Found that single nucleotide variants within genes can have opposing effects, with neuron migration mediating enriched pathways.
  • Discovered that behavioral (language, intelligence, vocabulary), demographic (maternal education), and environmental (birthweight) factors influence reading disability status.

Conclusions:

  • Reading disability exhibits a complex biological and environmental etiology.
  • Behavioral and demographic factors may offer protection, while birthweight poses a risk.
  • Evidence suggests a shared genetic and neurobiological architecture for reading (dis)ability.