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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 17, 2025

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Parkinson's Disease Affects Functional Connectivity within the Olfactory-Trigeminal Network.

Cécilia Tremblay1, Behzad Iravani2, Émilie Aubry Lafontaine1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada.

Journal of Parkinson'S Disease
|June 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Parkinson's disease (PD) olfactory dysfunction shows distinct brain connectivity patterns compared to non-parkinsonian olfactory dysfunction (NPOD). PD patients exhibit altered functional connectivity within the chemosensory network, differentiating them from NPOD patients.

Keywords:
Parkinson’s diseasefMRIfunctional connectivityolfactory dysfunctionresting-statetrigeminal system

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is an early symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), preceding diagnosis by years.
  • PD-related OD differs from non-parkinsonian OD (NPOD) due to preserved trigeminal sensitivity in PD patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in functional connectivity within the chemosensory network between PD patients, NPOD patients, and healthy controls.
  • To explore potential alterations in brain network modularity associated with PD-related OD.

Main Methods:

  • Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to assess resting-state and task-related brain activity during olfactory and trigeminal tasks.
  • A seed-based correlation approach was employed to compare functional connectivity within the chemosensory network.
  • Brain network modularity was analyzed for all participant groups.

Main Results:

  • PD patients displayed impaired functional connectivity within the chemosensory network, unlike NPOD patients.
  • Both PD and NPOD groups showed impaired connectivity during olfactory tasks, but PD patients had weaker network modularity.
  • NPOD patients, but not PD patients, showed impaired connectivity during trigeminal tasks; PD patients exhibited higher network modularity.

Conclusions:

  • The unique functional connectivity and network recruitment patterns in PD-related OD explain distinct chemosensory features observed in PD patients.
  • These findings highlight specific neurobiological differences in olfactory processing between PD and NPOD.