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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Isothermal Processes01:21

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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Holocene global mean surface temperature, a multi-method reconstruction approach.

Darrell Kaufman1, Nicholas McKay2, Cody Routson2

  • 1Northern Arizona University, School of Earth and Sustainability, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA. darrell.kaufman@nau.edu.

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|July 2, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Holocene epoch experienced its warmest period 6,500 years ago, with global mean surface temperature (GMST) 0.7°C higher than the 19th century. Following this peak, GMST gradually cooled throughout the remainder of the Holocene.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate Science
  • Earth System Science

Background:

  • Reconstructing past global mean surface temperature (GMST) is crucial for understanding Earth's climate dynamics.
  • Previous analyses were limited by the availability and robustness of paleo-temperature data.
  • The new Temperature 12k database offers an extensive multi-proxy record for improved Holocene climate studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct Holocene GMST and associated uncertainties using a novel multi-proxy database.
  • To compare results from multiple statistical methods for robust climate reconstruction.
  • To provide a reliable dataset and methodology for future Holocene climate research.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Temperature 12k database, comprising extensive paleo-temperature time series.
  • Applied five distinct statistical methods to reconstruct GMST over the past 12,000 years.
  • Aggregated results into a multi-method ensemble to characterize uncertainties from proxy data, chronology, and methodology.

Main Results:

  • Identified the warmest 200-year interval around 6,500 years ago, with GMST 0.7°C warmer than the 19th century.
  • Documented a subsequent cooling trend in GMST at an average rate of -0.08°C per 1000 years.
  • Generated a multi-method ensemble of GMST and latitudinal-zone temperature reconstructions with quantified uncertainties.

Conclusions:

  • The Temperature 12k database and multi-method approach provide a more robust understanding of Holocene GMST variations.
  • The findings offer insights into the magnitude and rate of past climate change.
  • The developed ensembles and code are valuable resources for future Earth system evolution studies.