Water electrification: Principles and applications

Deep engineering of liquid water by charge and impurity injection, charged support, current flow, hydrophobic confinement, or applying a directional field has becoming increasingly important to the mankind toward overcoming energy and environment crisis. One can mediate the processes or temperatures of molecular evaporation for clean water harvesting, HO bond dissociation for H₂ fuel generation, solidification for living-organism cryopreservation, structure stiffening for bioengineering, etc., with mechanisms being still puzzling. We show that the framework of "hydrogen bonding and electronic dynamics" has substantiated the progress in the fundamental issues and the aimed engineering. The segmental disparity of the coupled hydrogen bond (O:HO or HB with ":" being lone pair of oxygen) resolves their specific-heat curves and turns out a quasisolid phase (QS, bound at -15 and 4 °C). Electrification shows dual functionality that not only aligns, orders, polarizes water molecules but also stretches the O:HO bond. The O:HO segmental cooperative relaxation and polarization shift the QS boundary through Einstein's relation, ΔΘ_Dx ∝ Δω_x, resulting in a gel-like, viscoelastic, and stable supersolid phase with raised melting point T_m and lowered temperatures for vaporization T_V and ice nucleation T_N. The supersolidity and electro structure ordering provide additional forces to reinforce Armstrong's water bridge. QS dispersion and the secondary effect of electrification such as compression define the T_N for Dufour's electro-freezing. The T_V depression, surface stress disruption, and electrostatic attraction raise Asakawa's molecular evaporability. Composition of opposite, compatible fields eases the HO dissociation and soil wetting. Progress evidences not only the essentiality of the coupled O:HO bond theory but also the feasibility of engineering water and solutions by programmed electrification.