A landmark-cue-based approach to analyzing the acoustic realizations of American English intervocalic flaps

This study examines the acoustic realizations of American English intervocalic flaps in the TIMIT corpus, using the landmark-critical feature-cue-based framework. Three different acoustic patterns of flaps are described: (i) both closure and release landmarks present, (ii) only the closure landmark present, and (iii) both landmarks deleted. The patterns occur consistently across several phonological and morphological conditions but vary with sociolinguistic factors, including speaker dialect and gender. This method of analysing speech at the level of acoustic landmarks and other individual cues to distinctive features contributes to a deeper understanding of how speakers and listeners employ systematic variation in phonetic detail in speech processing.