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 The nursing management of a patient with peripheral artery disease (PAD) begins with a thorough assessment of the patient’s health history and clinical manifestations.AssessmentHealth History: Evaluate the patient’s history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of cardiovascular issues, and lifestyle factors such as dietary patterns, smoking, and physical activity.Physical Examination:Assess the affected extremity for decreased or absent peripheral pulses,...
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Varicose veins, or varicosities, are abnormally dilated and twisted superficial veins caused by venous valve incompetence. This condition commonly affects the lower extremities, especially the saphenous veins, due to the higher pressure from prolonged standing and walking. However, varicosities can also occur in other areas, such as the esophagus, vulva, spermatic cords, and anorectal region.Etiology and typesPrimary varicose veins, often idiopathic, are more common in women due to inherent...
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 16, 2025

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Risk factors for developing heel ulcers for bedridden patients: A finite element study.

W G H van Zwam1, M C van Turnhout1, C W J Oomens1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands.

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
|July 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A stiffer mattress increases heel pressure and strain. Abducting the foot reduces strain, while lateral calcaneus displacement increases it, offering insights for preventing pressure ulcers.

Keywords:
Deep tissue injuryHeel pressuresHeel ulcersPressure ulcersShear forces on heel

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Medical Engineering
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Heel pressure ulcers are common, with deep tissue injury prevalent.
  • Finite element modeling is used to study heel ulcers in bedridden patients.
  • This study incorporates calf structure into existing heel models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of foot posture, mattress stiffness, and calcaneus displacement on heel pressure ulcers.
  • To analyze contact pressure and internal shear strain in the heel.
  • To enhance finite element models of the heel with calf anatomy.

Main Methods:

  • A new 3D finite element model including heel and calf structures was developed.
  • Sensitivity analyses were conducted on foot orientation, mattress stiffness (Young's modulus), and lateral calcaneus displacement.
  • Mattress-skin friction coefficients were varied to assess their effect.

Main Results:

  • Stiffer mattresses increase contact pressures and internal shear strains in the heel and calf.
  • Abducted foot posture decreases internal heel strains.
  • Lateral calcaneus displacement elevates internal maximum shear strains.
  • Mattress-skin friction coefficients below 0.4 reduce maximum internal shear strains.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical practice should aim to prevent calcaneus shearing.
  • Medical professionals should consider abducted foot positioning to reduce heel strains.
  • Mattress properties and patient positioning significantly influence pressure ulcer risk factors.