[Tics and Tourette's syndrome in children]

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Pediatric Neurology
• Genetics

Background:

• Tics and Tourette's syndrome (TS) are complex neurodevelopmental disorders with evolving classifications.
• Recent research in neurogenetics, neuroanatomy, and neurotransmitter systems offers new insights into pathogenesis.
• The pediatric population presents unique challenges in understanding and managing these conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current literature on pediatric tics and Tourette's syndrome.
• To analyze recent advances in neurogenetics, neuroanatomy, and neurotransmitter heterogeneity.
• To evaluate the potential reclassification of tics and TS as neurological disorders based on emerging evidence.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of studies on pediatric tics and Tourette's syndrome.
• Analysis of neurophysiological and functional neuroanatomical data.
• Evaluation of current and novel pharmaceutical treatment options.

Main Results:

• Evidence supports the transformation of tics and Tourette's syndrome from psychiatric to neurological disorders (ICD-11).
• The neuroanatomy of motor behavior is characterized by complex thalamo-cortical loops, basal ganglia, and limbic system interactions.
• Successful treatment of pediatric tics using hopantenic acid, topiramate, and cortexin neuropeptides has been observed.

Conclusions:

• The classification of tics and Tourette's syndrome may evolve towards a neurological framework.
• Understanding the intricate neuroanatomy is crucial for effective management.
• Specific pharmaceutical agents show promise in treating pediatric tic disorders.