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Chambers of the Heart01:16

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Updated: Dec 16, 2025

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
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Atrial Septal Defect.

Elisa A Bradley1, Ali N Zaidi2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.

Cardiology Clinics
|July 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atrial septal defects are common congenital heart conditions. While small defects may close naturally, larger ones often require intervention to prevent serious heart complications.

Keywords:
Atrial septal defectCongenital heart diseaseOstium primum defectOstium secundum defectPulmonary arterial hypertensionSinus venosus defect

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

  • Atrial septal defects (ASDs) are frequent congenital heart anomalies.
  • They involve incomplete tissue formation in the interatrial septum.
  • Unrepaired ASDs can lead to right heart overload, arrhythmias, and pulmonary hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of atrial septal defects.
  • To outline the different types and clinical presentations of ASDs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common congenital heart defects.
  • Description of physical findings and diagnostic considerations for ASDs.
  • Discussion of treatment options and contraindications.

Main Results:

  • Three main types of ASDs exist: ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus.
  • Key physical findings include a midsystolic pulmonary murmur and fixed split S2.
  • Spontaneous closure occurs in small defects; larger ones necessitate intervention.

Conclusions:

  • ASDs range from asymptomatic to hemodynamically significant conditions.
  • Management depends on defect size and clinical impact.
  • Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension contraindicates defect closure.