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Related Concept Videos

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview01:18

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

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It is convenient to consider the body's structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules. All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of...
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Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Tissues01:18

Tissues

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Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main types of tissue in vertebrates: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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Tissues01:25

Tissues

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Tissues are a group of cells that share a common embryonic origin. Microscopic observation reveals that the cells in a tissue share morphological features and are arranged in an orderly pattern to perform specific functions. From an evolutionary perspective, tissues appear in more complex organisms. Although there are many types of cells in the human body, they are organized into four broad categories of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Each of these categories is...
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology01:24

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

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Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word "anatomy" comes from a Greek root that means "to cut apart." Human anatomy was first studied by observing the body's exterior and the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to...
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Levels of Organization01:09

Levels of Organization

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Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth's biosphere. Each level of the hierarchy represents an increase in complexity that builds upon the previous level.
Molecules Are Composed of Atoms, and Biomolecules Are Assembled from Molecules:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm
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Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm

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Shaping Organs: Shared Structural Principles Across Kingdoms.

O Hamant1, T E Saunders2,3

  • 1Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, École normale supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon (UCBL), Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France;

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
|July 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organ development involves complex morphogenesis, integrating molecular control with physical forces. Growing organs actively shape themselves through mechanical principles across diverse life forms.

Keywords:
active materialsbiomechanicsforcemechanotransductionmorphogenesisorgan development

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Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis
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Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm
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Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm

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Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Biophysics
  • Organogenesis

Background:

  • Organ development (morphogenesis) is crucial for organismal form.
  • Shape determination involves molecular control and physical/mechanical constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive overarching principles of organ formation across kingdoms.
  • To highlight the role of active mechanics in organ shaping.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent biophysics and developmental biology research.
  • Comparative analysis of animal and plant model systems.

Main Results:

  • Growing organs are active, not passive, systems.
  • Mechanical principles are key to organ shape determination.
  • Understanding organ formation requires multi-scale analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Integrative view of organ development unifies principles across kingdoms.
  • Active mechanics and structural constraints are fundamental to morphogenesis.
  • Cross-disciplinary and cross-model system approaches are needed for future research.