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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Decreased pulse rate01:14

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Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Hypothyroidism.

Michael T McDermott1

  • 1University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado (M.T.M.).

Annals of Internal Medicine
|July 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone. Diagnosis relies on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) tests, with treatment typically involving L-thyroxine.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone production.
  • Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis) is the leading cause in adults, though other etiologies exist.
  • Nonspecific clinical manifestations necessitate laboratory confirmation for diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic approach to hypothyroidism.
  • To discuss treatment indications and goals for overt and subclinical hypothyroidism.
  • To describe the management of myxedema coma.

Main Methods:

  • Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement as the primary diagnostic tool.
  • Assessment of serum free thyroxine levels to differentiate overt and subclinical hypothyroidism.
  • Evaluation of treatment benefits for subclinical hypothyroidism, considering patient demographics and TSH levels.

Main Results:

  • Elevated TSH levels strongly indicate primary hypothyroidism.
  • Overt hypothyroidism requires treatment, while subclinical hypothyroidism benefits vary, particularly in the elderly or with TSH < 10 mU/L.
  • Oral L-thyroxine is the preferred treatment due to efficacy and safety.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of hypothyroidism is achieved through TSH testing.
  • Treatment decisions for subclinical hypothyroidism should be individualized.
  • Myxedema coma demands urgent inpatient management with aggressive L-thyroxine therapy.