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Related Concept Videos

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments01:14

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments

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The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
Arp2/3 Complex
Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit complex consisting of two proteins similar to actin- Arp2 and Arp3, and five other subunits that help keep Arp2 and Arp3 inactive. When required, the complex is...
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Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

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Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
In F-actin, the ADF/cofilin proteins...
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Adaptability of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:12

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The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic structure performing varied functions based on cellular requirements. The adaptability of the individual filaments in the cytoskeleton determines their ability to perform various functions within the cell. It can undergo rapid reorganization during processes like cell division or remain stable for several hours as in the interphase. The adaptability of these filaments depends on stringent regulatory mechanisms. The microfilament and microtubules of the...
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Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments01:35

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Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
Keratin proteins, found at the cell periphery near cell junctions, undergo a cycle of assembly and disassembly. In Type...
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Mechanism of Filopodia Formation01:39

Mechanism of Filopodia Formation

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Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
Their main function is to guide migrating cells during normal tissue morphogenesis or cancer metastasis by recognizing and making initial contacts with the extracellular matrix. However, they can also act as stationary cell anchors or help to establish communication...
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Destabilization of Microtubules01:45

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The destabilization of microtubules can occur during different stages of the microtubule lifecycle, such as nucleation or elongation. It can take place at either end of the microtubule or in the microtubule lattices as a whole. The lifespan of individual microtubules within a cell varies according to the cell type and stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the lifespan of the microtubule is about 30 minutes, while during cell division, it is about 15 minutes. In axonal microtubules of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Using Microfluidics and Fluorescence Microscopy to Study the Assembly Dynamics of Single Actin Filaments and Bundles
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Rad51 filament dynamics and its antagonistic modulators.

Alexander Carver1, Xiaodong Zhang1

  • 1Section of Structural Biology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|July 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Rad51 recombinase protein is crucial for DNA repair and meiosis. This review details how Rad51 filament dynamics, influenced by other factors, are modulated during key stages like formation, stability, and disassembly for genome stability.

Keywords:
DNA double-strand breaksHomologous recombinationModulatorsNucleoprotein filamentsRad51 recombinasesRegulation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Rad51 recombinase is central to homologous recombination, a critical DNA repair pathway for double-strand breaks.
  • Homologous recombination is essential for maintaining genome stability and occurs during meiosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Rad51 nucleoprotein filament dynamics.
  • To elucidate the roles of various factors and post-translational modifications in modulating Rad51 filament formation, stability, and disassembly.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
  • Analysis of literature on Rad51 function, regulation, and filament dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Rad51 forms nucleoprotein filaments on single-stranded DNA to facilitate homology search and strand invasion.
  • Multiple factors and post-translational modifications dynamically regulate Rad51 filament lifecycle.
  • Understanding these modulations is key to comprehending DNA repair and genome stability.

Conclusions:

  • Rad51 filament dynamics are complex and tightly regulated.
  • Modulation of Rad51 filament stages (formation, stability, disassembly) is critical for its function in DNA repair and meiosis.
  • Further research into regulatory factors will enhance our understanding of genome maintenance.