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Research progress on viral accommodation 2009 to 2019.

T W Flegel1

  • 1Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National for Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd, Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology
|July 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The viral accommodation hypothesis explains how crustaceans and insects tolerate persistent viral infections. Recent insect studies show specific, heritable immunity, with implications for controlling viral diseases in farmed invertebrates.

Keywords:
CrustaceansEndogenous viral elementsHeritable adaptive immunityInsectsPersistent infectionsViral accommodation

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Area of Science:

  • Virology and Invertebrate Immunology
  • Molecular Biology and Genetics

Background:

  • The viral accommodation hypothesis, proposed in 1998/2001, suggests invertebrates can tolerate persistent viral infections without disease.
  • A 2009 revision identified endogenous viral elements (EVEs) as the memory mechanism, consisting of viral cDNA integrated into host genomes.
  • Research has since focused on understanding EVEs and their role in viral tolerance in crustaceans and insects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research progress on viral accommodation in crustaceans and insects from 2009 to 2019.
  • To discuss recent findings on adaptive and heritable immunity in insects related to viral accommodation.
  • To explore the implications of these mechanisms for controlling viral diseases in economically important invertebrates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published research on viral accommodation and endogenous viral elements (EVEs) in crustaceans and insects.
  • Analysis of studies investigating viral tolerance, EVE acquisition, and immune responses.
  • Synthesis of findings, particularly recent insect research, to evaluate the hypothesis and its implications.

Main Results:

  • Research over the past decade has advanced the understanding of viral accommodation mechanisms.
  • Recent insect studies (2019) provide evidence for specific, adaptive, and heritable immunity, particularly in mosquitoes.
  • The role of EVEs in protective RNA production and their acquisition in shrimp requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • The viral accommodation hypothesis is supported by accumulating evidence, especially regarding EVEs and heritable immunity in insects.
  • These findings have significant potential for developing novel strategies for viral disease control in crustaceans and insects.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms in shrimp and fully harness this knowledge for applied purposes.