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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...

Magnetic Damping

Magnetic Damping

Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Published on: July 20, 2022

Magnetic Processing of Diamagnetic Materials.

Masafumi Yamato¹, Tsunehisa Kimura^2,3

¹Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University,1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.

|July 9, 2020

Summary

Researchers are leveraging readily available magnetic fields to process diamagnetic materials like polymers and ceramics. This magnetic processing, driven by magnetic force and torque, opens new avenues in materials science.

Keywords:

crystallization levitation magnetic dipole–dipole interaction magnetic force magnetic torque orientation particle manipulation and patterning separation thermodynamics

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Physics

Background:

High magnetic fields (approx. 10 T) from superconducting magnets and lower fields (approx. 1 T) from neodymium magnets are now accessible.
Over the past 30 years, magnetic processing has been applied to diamagnetic materials, including ceramics, biomaterials, and polymers.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the application of magnetic processing to diamagnetic materials, with a focus on polymers.
To explore the fundamental magnetic effects driving these processes.

Main Methods:

Review of research on magnetic processing of diamagnetic materials.
Analysis of magnetic force, torque, and enthalpy derived from magnetic energy.

Main Results:

Magnetic processing enables new methods for handling diamagnetic materials.
Observed phenomena include the orientation of crystalline polymers in magnetic fields, though mechanisms require further study.

Conclusions:

Accessible magnetic fields facilitate novel materials processing techniques.
Further research is needed to fully understand complex magnetic effects like polymer crystallization.