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Related Concept Videos

Histology of the Small Intestine01:27

Histology of the Small Intestine

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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
The intestinal lining features transverse folds called circular folds, each housing fingerlike projections known as intestinal villi. These villi are covered by a layer of simple columnar epithelium, also referred to as...
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Histology of the Large Intestine01:26

Histology of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
The innermost mucosa layer comprises simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. This layer is primarily populated with absorptive cells, tasked with water absorption, and goblet cells, responsible for secreting mucus to...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

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Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Multimodality Diagnosis of Mesenteric Ischemia
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Large Necrotic Mass in the Small Bowel.

Rohit Singh1, Kristin Torre1, Hafsa Farooq1

  • 1Yale-Waterbury Internal Medicine Residency Program, Waterbury, CT.

ACG Case Reports Journal
|July 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) is a rare cancer diagnosis. This case highlights MUP presenting as a small bowel mass in an elderly patient, emphasizing diagnostic challenges.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) originates outside the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, often presenting in lymph nodes or visceral organs.
  • MUP diagnosis is challenging due to internal presentation, frequently leading to late-stage detection and poorer prognoses.

Observation:

  • An 89-year-old male presented with significant weakness, substantial weight loss (27 kg), and gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • Diagnostic imaging revealed a large, necrotic mass within the small bowel, histopathologically consistent with melanoma.

Findings:

  • Despite thorough examinations of the skin, anogenital region, and eyes, no primary cutaneous or mucosal lesion was identified.
  • The clinical presentation and negative primary site investigations confirmed the diagnosis of melanoma of unknown primary (MUP).

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Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering MUP in patients with unexplained gastrointestinal masses and systemic symptoms.
  • Timely and accurate diagnosis of MUP is crucial for appropriate treatment and management, despite diagnostic difficulties.