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Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...

Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles

Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles

Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
Like neurons, muscle cells are also regarded as excitable due to their capacity to change in response to stimuli, primarily due to voltage-gated ion channels embedded in their plasma membranes, which get activated by alterations in the...

Action Potentials

Action Potentials

Graded Potential

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or...

Propagation of Action Potentials

Propagation of Action Potentials

The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

Generation of Monophasic Action Potentials and Intermediate Forms.

Shahriar Iravanian¹, Ilija Uzelac², Conner Herndon²

¹Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.

Biophysical Journal

|July 10, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new model to simulate cardiac electrograms, explaining the generation of monophasic action potentials (MAPs) and related signals. The findings clarify MAP mechanisms and can improve electrode and recording system designs.

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Area of Science:

Biophysics
Cardiac Electrophysiology

Background:

Monophasic action potential (MAP) recordings are crucial in cardiac electrophysiology but their generation mechanism and differences from unipolar recordings remain debated.
Understanding these signals is vital for accurate cardiac diagnostics and research.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a simulation method for realistic MAP and intermediate multiphasic electrograms.
To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of MAP signal generation.

Main Methods:

Simulated MAP and intermediate electrograms using a model incorporating compressed zones and junctional spaces with reduced conductivity.
Incorporated a passive component network acting as a high-pass filter, formed by tissue properties and electrode double-layer capacitance.

Main Results:

The model successfully simulated realistic MAP and intermediate electrogram forms.
Demonstrated that MAP and intermediate forms exist on a signal continuum influenced by model parameter changes.
Identified pressure-induced conductivity changes and passive electrical networks as key factors in signal generation.

Conclusions:

The developed model provides insights into the mechanisms of cardiac electrogram signal generation.
Findings can guide the improved design of electrodes, recording amplifiers, and experimental setups for cardiac studies.