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Related Concept Videos

Endospores and Sporulation01:20

Endospores and Sporulation

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Endospores are specialized, dormant cells primarily formed by Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus and Clostridium, enabling survival under extreme environmental conditions. Due to their unique composition and formation process, these structures are highly resistant to physical and chemical insults, such as extreme heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, desiccation, and toxic chemicals. Rare instances of endospore-like structures have also been observed in some Gram-negative bacteria,...
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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Sporulation is a complex developmental process that allows certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, to survive extreme environmental conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a series of signaling cascades and transcriptional controls, ensuring the formation of a highly resistant endospore.Sporulation is triggered by unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion, and is governed by a phosphorelay system. One of the sensor kinases, such as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Enrichment and Detection of Clostridium perfringens Toxinotypes in Retail Food Samples
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Enrichment and Detection of Clostridium perfringens Toxinotypes in Retail Food Samples

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Everything Illuminated-Clostridium perfringens β-toxin.

Wayne I Lencer1

  • 1Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|July 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Clostridium perfringens β-toxin (CPB) binds to platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) on cells. This interaction forms membrane pores, explaining CPB

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin (CPB) is a virulence factor implicated in various diseases.
  • The specific cellular targets and mechanisms of CPB-induced pathology remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular interactions underlying CPB-mediated cell damage.
  • To identify the specific host cell receptor for CPB.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro binding assays using purified CPB and various cell lines.
  • Microscopy techniques to visualize pore formation.
  • Genetic manipulation of cell surface molecules.

Main Results:

  • CPB specifically binds to platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), also known as CD31.

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  • Binding of CPB to PECAM-1 induces the formation of membrane pores.
  • Pore formation is dependent on the presence of PECAM-1 on the target cell.

    • Conclusions:

    • PECAM-1 is the primary receptor for Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin.
    • The interaction between CPB and PECAM-1 is a key mechanism driving CPB-induced cytotoxicity and disease pathogenesis.