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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleolus02:55

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules
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RNA Granules: A View from the RNA Perspective.

Siran Tian1, Harrison A Curnutte1, Tatjana Trcek1

  • 1Homewood Campus, Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
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RNA granules compartmentalize cellular functions and regulate gene expression. This review highlights RNA

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RNA granulesRNA phase separationRNA secondary structureRNA self-assemblyRNA-RNA interactionsgerm granulesp-bodiesstress granules

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • RNA granules are cellular compartments crucial for RNA biology.
  • They are key hubs for post-transcriptional gene regulation.
  • Understanding their composition and function is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of RNA granule biology.
  • To explore the roles of RNA and RNA structure within granules.
  • To address fundamental questions on RNA enrichment and regulation in granules.

Main Methods:

  • Review of imaging data
  • Analysis of genetic studies
  • Biochemical data interpretation

Main Results:

  • RNA itself, not just proteins, contributes to RNA granule functions.
  • RNA structure plays a significant role in regulating transcripts within granules.
  • Specific RNAs are enriched in granules, influencing cellular processes.

Conclusions:

  • RNA structure is a critical factor in post-transcriptional regulation within RNA granules.
  • Further research into RNA-centric mechanisms in granules is warranted.
  • RNA granules are dynamic hubs where RNA structure dictates function.