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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

1.3K
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 15, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

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Microorganisms associated to thyroid autoimmunity.

Yunam Cuan-Baltazar1, Elena Soto-Vega1

  • 1Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Anáhuac Puebla, Mexico.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|July 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Microorganisms like Helicobacter pylori and Hepatitis C virus are linked to autoimmune thyroid diseases. Further research is needed to understand these interactions and improve patient management.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityHashimoto's thyroiditisHelicobacter pyloriHepatitis CMimicryThyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) involve immune dysfunction affecting the thyroid, leading to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
  • The multifactorial nature of thyroid autoimmunity suggests potential roles for external factors, including microorganisms.
  • Certain infections are increasingly associated with the pathogenesis of AITDs, potentially explaining their high incidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the association between microorganisms and autoimmune thyroid diseases.
  • To explore proposed mechanisms linking specific pathogens to thyroid autoimmunity.
  • To highlight the need for further research into microbial triggers and management strategies for AITDs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating the link between microorganisms and AITDs.
  • Analysis of proposed pathophysiological mechanisms, including molecular mimicry and viral-induced immune responses.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps regarding microbial involvement in thyroid autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) show the clearest association with AITDs.
  • Molecular mimicry is a proposed mechanism for H. pylori-induced autoimmunity.
  • HCV's role is debated, with some suggesting it exacerbates auto-antibodies and others implicating Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Microorganisms, particularly H. pylori and HCV, are implicated in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
  • Mechanisms such as molecular mimicry and treatment-induced immune modulation are proposed but not fully defined.
  • More research is essential to elucidate the precise interactions between various microbes and thyroid autoimmunity for effective patient care.