Male-Specific and Somatic Coliphage Profiles from Major Aquaculture Areas in Republic of Korea

Human and animal feces are important sources of various types of microbial contamination in water. Especially, enteric viruses, the major agents of waterborne infection, can attain long-term survival in water environments due to their strong resistance to various environmental factors including pH, salinity, and temperature. Coliphages are promising viral indicators for fecal contamination in water environments. Here, we investigated the seasonal and spatial distribution of male-specific and somatic coliphages in surface water and seawater at three major aquaculture areas, including Goseong Bay, Aphae Island, and Gomso Bay, in Republic of Korea over a period of 1 year. We selected 6 surface water and 14 seawater sampling sites for each study area and collected a total of 480 water samples from March 2014 to February 2015. Overall, surface water samples contained higher occurrences of coliphages than seawater samples. The high coliphage concentrations were detected in spring (March to May 2014). The differences in geographical features and patterns in land usage of the three aquaculture areas may have affected the coliphage concentration and occurrence. Moreover, environmental factors such as cumulative precipitation were strongly correlated with coliphage concentrations. Therefore, we suggest that further longitudinal studies on coliphage concentrations and distributions should be performed to support the application of coliphages in tracking fecal contamination in water.