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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions01:10

Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions

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When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
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Distance Measurements by Taping01:18

Distance Measurements by Taping

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Tapes are essential in surveying for accurate, durable, and short-distance measurements. Made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, they offer flexibility and strength for rugged outdoor use. The nylon coating protects against rust and wear, extending the tape's life. Standard lengths, around 30 meters, are marked in meters and millimeters for precision.Surveyors select tapes based on site conditions and accuracy needs. Lightweight, nylon-coated tapes are commonly used for ease of handling and...
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Adjusting a Traverse01:12

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In the site survey of a four-sided traverse, internal angles are essential to ensure geometric accuracy. The survey revealed that the sum of the measured internal angles was 359 degrees and 48 minutes, which is 12 minutes less than the expected 360 degrees. This discrepancy signals an error likely arising from measurement inaccuracies during the fieldwork.To rectify this error, the adjustment process involved distributing the 12-minute shortfall equally across the four internal angles. By...
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Distance Corrections01:15

Distance Corrections

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To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over...
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

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Gear Shape Parameter Measurement Using a Model-Based Scanning Multi-Distance Measurement Approach.

Marc Pillarz1, Axel von Freyberg1, Andreas Fischer1

  • 1Bremen Institute for Metrology, Automation and Quality Science (BIMAQ), University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new scanning measurement method for large wind turbine gears, achieving high precision (<5 μm uncertainty) for critical shape parameters. This approach promises to reduce wind turbine failures caused by defective drive trains.

Keywords:
confocal-chromatic sensorlarge gearmeasurement uncertainty of gear parametersmodel-based scanning multi-distance measurementsoptical gear measurements

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Area of Science:

  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Metrology
  • Condition Monitoring

Background:

  • Wind turbine drive train failures are often linked to defects in large gears (diameter > 1 m).
  • Accurate geometric determination of these gears is crucial for preventing failures, requiring micrometer-level uncertainties.
  • Traditional measurement methods face limitations due to fixed measuring volumes, hindering the inspection of large gears.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a scalable, model-based scanning multi-distance measurement approach for inspecting large gear geometry.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility and precision of this novel method for determining fundamental gear shape parameters.

Main Methods:

  • A scanning multi-distance measurement approach utilizing a confocal-chromatic sensor and a rotary table.
  • Model-based signal processing for data interpretation.
  • Calibration using a known gear and preliminary testing on a midsize spur gear.

Main Results:

  • The mean base circle radius of a midsize spur gear was determined with an uncertainty of less than 5 μm.
  • Simulations indicate the scalability of the approach for 1 m diameter gears with varying tooth flank geometries.
  • Estimated achievable uncertainty for the mean base circle radius remains below 5 μm for large gears.

Conclusions:

  • The model-based scanning multi-distance measurement approach is a feasible and promising alternative for accurate large gear inspection.
  • This method has the potential to significantly reduce wind turbine failures by improving gear quality control.
  • Further experimental validation of scalability is warranted.