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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality
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Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality

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Bacteriophage Encapsulation Using Spray Drying for Phage Therapy.

Danish J Malik1

  • 1Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.

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|July 18, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spray drying offers a scalable method for producing stable phage powders for phage therapy. Optimizing formulation and process conditions is key to maintaining phage activity and ensuring drug product quality for therapeutic use.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Phage therapy holds promise for treating bacterial infections, but requires safe and effective phage drug products.
  • Scalable manufacturing of stable phage formulations is essential for clinical application.
  • Spray drying presents a viable method for producing phage biologics in a dry powder form.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore spray drying as a method for manufacturing stable phage drug products.
  • To investigate factors influencing phage stability and activity in spray-dried powders.
  • To discuss the application of a Quality by Design (QbD) approach in phage drug product development.

Main Methods:

  • Purified phage suspensions were formulated with excipients and spray dried.
  • Analysis of phage activity, stability, and critical quality attributes (CQAs) in dry powders.
  • Evaluation of formulation excipients, moisture content, and storage conditions on phage stability.

Main Results:

  • Spray drying enables single-step, high-throughput production of phage powders with good shelf-life.
  • Phage activity can be affected by desiccation and thermal stress during spray drying, requiring process control.
  • Excipient choice, moisture content, and storage conditions (temperature, humidity) impact phage stability.

Conclusions:

  • Spray drying is a promising technology for scalable, cost-effective production of phage drug products.
  • Controlling formulation and spray drying parameters is crucial for preserving phage viability and ensuring therapeutic efficacy.
  • A QbD approach is recommended to define and control critical quality attributes for robust phage drug product development.