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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Improved TDM scheme and data extracting algorithm for polymerization evaluation.

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    This study introduces a faster method for evaluating holographic photopolymers. By using two different spot sizes, it simplifies sample alignment and improves real-time analysis of volume holographic gratings.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Holographic photopolymers are crucial for optical data storage and display technologies.
    • Evaluating different holographic photopolymer formulations typically involves recording volume holographic gratings and monitoring diffraction efficiency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an improved, more precise, and efficient method for real-time evaluation of holographic photopolymers.
    • To reduce the stringent requirements for sample alignment and spot overlap in existing evaluation schemes.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel scheme employing two different sized spots to record volume holographic gratings.
    • Utilizing a specifically designed algorithm to process data from uncalibrated high-speed photodiodes.
    • High-speed data acquisition for transmittances, diffractive efficiencies, and diffractive asymmetries.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed method effectively reduces the need for precise control over spatial parameters like spot overlap and sample installation.
    • High-speed acquisition enabled detailed analysis of optical properties.
    • The scheme demonstrated robust performance in evaluating holographic photopolymers.

    Conclusions:

    • The improved scheme offers a simplified and effective approach for the rapid assessment of holographic photopolymer materials.
    • This method enhances the practicality of evaluating holographic photopolymers for various applications.