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    This study introduces novel dual-mode modulators for mode-division multiplexing (MDM) using graphene-on-silicon waveguides. This innovation enables simultaneous data modulation on two spatial modes, paving the way for denser optical interconnects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Communications
    • Materials Science (Graphene)
    • Integrated Circuit Design

    Background:

    • Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) enhances optical interconnects by using spatial modes for data transmission.
    • Current MDM techniques require multiple electro-optic modulators, leading to high costs, large footprints, and insertion losses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and demonstrate a novel intensity and phase dual-mode modulator.
    • To enable simultaneous modulation of two spatial modes within a single device.
    • To reduce cost and footprint in optical interconnects.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing graphene nanoribbons (GNs) integrated onto a silicon waveguide.
    • Exploiting co-planar interactions between GNs and spatial modes (TE0 and TE1).
    • Employing independent driving electrodes for separate and simultaneous modulation of GNs.

    Main Results:

    • Successful simultaneous modulation of the zeroth-order (TE0) and first-order (TE1) transverse electric modes.
    • Demonstration of a compact and efficient dual-mode modulator design.
    • Validation of graphene's potential for advanced photonic integrated circuits.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed dual-mode modulator offers a promising solution for high-density mode-division multiplexing.
    • This approach can significantly advance the development of tera-scale optical interconnects.
    • Graphene-on-silicon technology provides a viable platform for future integrated photonic devices.