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Constellation manipulation-enabled multi-symbol optical pattern recognition in photonic firewalls.

Jiabin Cui, Xuejian Jiang, Yanxia Tan

    Optics Express
    |May 4, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel system for direct optical pattern recognition in photonic firewalls, enhancing network security. The low-complexity, feedback-free method uses constellation manipulation for high-order modulation pattern recognition.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical communication systems
    • Network security
    • Signal processing

    Background:

    • Optical transmission networks require enhanced security measures.
    • Direct recognition of optical patterns is crucial for photonic firewall applications.
    • High-order modulation schemes present challenges for direct recognition.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a low-complexity, feedback-free system for direct recognition of high-order modulation optical patterns.
    • To enable efficient and robust security modules in optical networks.

    Main Methods:

    • Multi-dimensional constellation manipulations including optical time-delay and phase-rotating stages.
    • Mapping binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) onto quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations.
    • Utilizing a nondegenerate phase-sensitive amplifier for optical vector-moving to convert QAM to pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) for direct detection.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated direct recognition of multi-symbol patterns with high-order modulation.
    • Achieved a false detection ratio (FDR) of 10-3 with specific optical signal-to-noise ratios (OSNRs) for BPSK (16.6 dB) and QPSK (21.7 dB) patterns.
    • Provided detailed theoretical derivations and experimental validation using eye diagrams and constellation plots.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed constellation manipulation system provides an efficient and compatible solution for recognizing high-order modulation patterns.
    • This approach establishes a viable path toward robust, all-optical security modules in future optical networks.