Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

9.1K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
9.1K
Vision01:24

Vision

59.0K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
59.0K
The Retina01:32

The Retina

73.8K
The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
73.8K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

1.5K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
1.5K
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

8.3K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
8.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<i>Grin2b</i>-mutant mice exhibit heightened remote fear via suppressed extinction and chronic amygdalar synaptic and neuronal dysfunction.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Hierarchical gradients of multiple timescales in the mammalian forebrain.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2024
Same author

miR-124 coordinates metabolic regulators acting at early stages of human neurogenesis.

Communications biology·2024
Same author

Hierarchical gradients of multiple timescales in the mammalian forebrain.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

An active electronic, high-density epidural paddle array for chronic spinal cord neuromodulation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Species-specific wiring of cortical circuits for small-world networks in the primary visual cortex.

PLoS computational biology·2023
Same journal

Does stimulus preceding negativity reflect predictions in a somatosensory roving paradigm?

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Temporal Dynamics of EEG Reflect Continuous Error Correction During Force Control.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Frontoparietal Hub Connectivity Integrates Information from Multiple Sources.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Mapping the Heart-Brain Continuum beyond Heart Failure: Why Neurology Matters.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Emergence of behavioral tinnitus in gerbils is associated with reduced spontaneous rates in single auditory nerve fibers.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Decoding the neural stages from action and object recognition to mentalizing.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity
10:05

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

Published on: May 7, 2017

12.7K

Spontaneous Retinal Waves Can Generate Long-Range Horizontal Connectivity in Visual Cortex.

Jinwoo Kim1, Min Song1,2, Jaeson Jang1

  • 1Department of Bio and Brain Engineering.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|July 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spontaneous retinal waves before eye-opening may shape the developing visual cortex. These early activities can wire long-range horizontal connections (LHCs) in the primary visual cortex (V1), creating feature-specific neural circuits.

Keywords:
feedforward projectioniso-domainlong range connectionorientation mapretinal wavevisual cortex

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Using the Split Retina Technique for Enhanced Access and Accelerated Experiments
07:53

Author Spotlight: Using the Split Retina Technique for Enhanced Access and Accelerated Experiments

Published on: January 16, 2024

5.3K
Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording
13:40

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Published on: September 8, 2011

13.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 14, 2025

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity
10:05

A Large Lateral Craniotomy Procedure for Mesoscale Wide-field Optical Imaging of Brain Activity

Published on: May 7, 2017

12.7K
Author Spotlight: Using the Split Retina Technique for Enhanced Access and Accelerated Experiments
07:53

Author Spotlight: Using the Split Retina Technique for Enhanced Access and Accelerated Experiments

Published on: January 16, 2024

5.3K
Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording
13:40

Examining Local Network Processing using Multi-contact Laminar Electrode Recording

Published on: September 8, 2011

13.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Long-range horizontal connections (LHCs) in the primary visual cortex (V1) link iso-orientation domains.
  • The developmental origin of these feature-specific connections before visual experience remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of spontaneous retinal waves in the development of LHCs in V1.
  • To model how retinal activity patterns influence the formation of orientation maps and microcircuits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized computational modeling based on retinal anatomy and activity patterns.
  • Simulated the impact of structured versus random feedforward activities on cortical wiring.

Main Results:

  • Spatiotemporally structured retinal waves can coactivate similarly tuned V1 neurons, initiating LHC formation.
  • The model successfully reproduced patterned V1 activity, orientation map topography, and rodent microcircuit organization.
  • Random neural activity failed to induce similar organizational patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Early spontaneous retinal activity is a significant factor in the development of functional cortical circuits.
  • This mechanism likely explains the emergence of feature-specific wiring in V1 across mammalian species.