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Related Experiment Videos

Effects of cognitive training on primary mental ability structure.

K W Schaie1, S L Willis, C Hertzog

  • 1Department of Individual and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.

Psychology and Aging
|September 1, 1987
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive training in older adults showed that skills not trained remained stable. However, trained abilities (spatial orientation, inductive reasoning) demonstrated minor shifts in measurement structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Gerontology
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Cognitive training is increasingly studied for its potential to enhance cognitive abilities in the elderly.
  • A key assumption in cognitive training research is the structural invariance of latent constructs across pretest and posttest measurements.
  • Empirical validation of this assumption, particularly in older adults, is crucial for interpreting training effects accurately.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically test the assumption of structural invariance of latent constructs in elderly participants undergoing cognitive training.
  • To investigate whether cognitive training impacts the measurement structure of cognitive abilities in older adults.
  • To examine the effects of ability-specific cognitive training on both trained and untrained cognitive abilities.

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Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 401 participants (aged 62+) in the Seattle Longitudinal Study.
  • Administered a 5-hour test battery measuring five primary abilities (Spatial Orientation, Inductive Reasoning, Numerical Ability, Verbal Ability, Perceptual Speed) at pretest and posttest.
  • Applied restricted factor analysis using the LISREL algorithm to test measurement equivalence across test occasions for control and training groups (n=229).

Main Results:

  • Cognitive abilities not targeted by training exhibited no structural changes between pretest and posttest.
  • Participants receiving training on Spatial Orientation or Inductive Reasoning showed slight shifts in the optimal regression weights for the markers of these trained abilities.
  • The structural integrity of cognitive constructs was largely maintained, even with targeted cognitive interventions.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides empirical support for the structural invariance assumption in cognitive training research on the elderly for untrained abilities.
  • Ability-specific cognitive training may induce minor changes in the measurement structure of the targeted cognitive constructs.
  • Findings suggest that cognitive training interventions in older adults can be interpreted with a high degree of confidence regarding the stability of underlying cognitive structures.