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Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

Third Law of Thermodynamics

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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
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Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. That statement of transitivity is called the "zeroth law of thermodynamics." For example, a cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. Eventually, the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. In addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Optimal performance of a three-level quantum refrigerator.

Varinder Singh1,2, Tanmoy Pandit1, Ramandeep S Johal1

  • 1Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India.

Physical Review. E
|July 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study optimizes a three-level quantum refrigerator

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum thermodynamics
  • Quantum heat engines

Background:

  • Quantum refrigerators offer potential for efficient cooling at the nanoscale.
  • Understanding their optimal performance is crucial for developing advanced cooling technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the optimal performance of a three-level quantum refrigerator.
  • To analyze performance using both cooling power and the chi function as objective functions.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of general expressions for the coefficient of performance (COP).
  • Analysis of COP bounds in limiting cases of system-bath coupling constants.
  • Optimization of cooling power and chi function with respect to control frequencies.

Main Results:

  • Established general COP expressions and their bounds.
  • Identified distinct optimization strategies for cooling power (one frequency) and chi function (two frequencies).
  • Demonstrated a mapping to Feynman's ratchet and pawl model in the low-temperature regime.

Conclusions:

  • The quantum refrigerator's performance can be optimized differently based on the chosen objective function.
  • The model exhibits classical analogies, providing insights into mesoscopic heat engines.
  • Comparison of cooling power at maximum chi function versus maximum cooling power reveals trade-offs.