Regenerative Medicine Under the Control of 3D Scaffolds: Current State and Progress of Tissue Scaffolds

Currently, combining stem cells (SCs) with biomaterial scaffolds provides a promising strategy for the future of biomedicine and regenerative medicine (RG). The cells need similar substrates of the extracellular matrix (ECM) for normal tissue development, which signifies the importance of three dimensional (3D) scaffolds to determine cell fate. Herein, the importance and positive contributions of corresponding 3D scaffolds on cell functions, including cell interactions, cell migrations, and nutrient delivery, are presented. Furthermore, the synthesis techniques which are recruited to fabricate the 3D scaffolds are discussed, and the related studies of 3D scaffold for different tissues are also reported in this paper. This review focuses on 3D scaffolds that have been used for tissue engineering purposes and directing stem cell fate as a means of producing replacements for biomedical applications.