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Muscles that Move the Head

Muscles that Move the Head

The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

[Headache in multiple sclerosis].

Marcel Gebhardt¹, Peter Kropp², Frank Hoffmann³

¹Klinik für Neurologie, Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau, Röntgenstraße 1, 06120, Halle, Deutschland. Marcel.Gebhardt@Martha-Maria.de.

|July 23, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Headaches are frequently associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), challenging the notion of headaches as a "red flag" diagnosis. Further research is needed to clarify headache presentation in MS patients, including those with radiologically isolated syndrome.

Keywords:

Calcitonin gene-related peptide Clinically isolated syndrome Migraine Radiologically isolated syndrome Secondary Headaches

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Last Updated: Dec 14, 2025

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Published on: June 2, 2014

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Neuroimmunology

Background:

The relationship between headache and multiple sclerosis (MS) has been debated for decades.
Historically, headaches were considered a "red flag" for alternative diagnoses, but recent evidence suggests a frequent association with MS.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of headache in MS.
To highlight the frequent co-occurrence and potential causal links between headache and MS.
To emphasize the need for precise diagnostic differentiation.

Main Methods:

Review of recent studies on headache prevalence and characteristics in MS patients.
Discussion of pathophysiological mechanisms linking MS and headache.
Analysis of diagnostic challenges in distinguishing MS-related headaches from other causes.

Main Results:

Headache is common in MS, with prevalence as high as 78% in newly diagnosed patients.
Migraine is the most frequent headache type in MS.
Headaches can be a symptom of MS itself (secondary headache) or a side effect of disease-modifying therapies.
Inflammatory MS lesions can cause headaches phenotypically similar to migraines.

Conclusions:

Headache is a common symptom in MS, not solely an indicator of alternative diagnoses.
Distinguishing between MS-related headaches and other headache disorders requires thorough differential diagnostics.
Further research is crucial to refine the understanding of headache phenomenology in MS, particularly in conditions like radiologically isolated syndrome.