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Related Concept Videos

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

819
Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
819
Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

201
IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

191
Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
191
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

190
Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes
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Microhematuria: AUA/SUFU Guideline.

Daniel A Barocas1, Stephen A Boorjian2, Ronald D Alvarez1

  • 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.

The Journal of Urology
|July 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Patients with microhematuria require a personalized diagnostic strategy. A new risk classification system helps identify those at high risk for genitourinary malignancy, guiding tailored evaluations.

Keywords:
CT Urogrambladder cancercystoscopyhematuriaurine markersurothelial carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Diagnostic Medicine

Background:

  • Microhematuria presents a diverse patient group with varying risks of genitourinary malignancy.
  • Patient-specific factors significantly influence the likelihood of underlying malignant conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a personalized diagnostic testing strategy for patients with microhematuria.
  • To stratify patients based on their risk for genitourinary malignancy.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of evidence from January 2010 to December 2019 was conducted.
  • Evidence-based statements were developed by an expert Panel, considering evidence strength and clinical judgment.
  • A risk classification system (low, intermediate, high) was created based on clinical factors.

Main Results:

  • Microhematuria is defined as ≥ 3 red blood cells per high power field.
  • Risk stratification incorporates age, sex, smoking history, degree/persistence of microhematuria, and prior gross hematuria.
  • Diagnostic evaluation (cystoscopy, upper tract imaging) is recommended based on risk stratification and shared decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with microhematuria should be risk-classified for genitourinary malignancy.
  • A risk-based evaluation strategy is essential for appropriate patient management.
  • Further high-quality research is needed to enhance care for these patients.