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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 14, 2025

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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R-loops coordinate with SOX2 in regulating reprogramming to pluripotency.

Yaoyi Li1,2,3,4,5, Yawei Song1,2,3,5, Wei Xu6

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China.

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Dynamic R-loops are crucial for somatic cell reprogramming. Sox2 protein facilitates this process by interacting with Ddx5, regulating R-loops and overcoming reprogramming barriers.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • R-loops, nucleic acid structures, influence genome stability and gene expression.
  • Their specific roles and regulatory mechanisms in stem cell reprogramming remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic changes and functional significance of R-loops during somatic cell reprogramming.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms governing R-loops in this process, particularly the role of Sox2.

Main Methods:

  • Profiling R-loops during somatic cell reprogramming.
  • Depletion or catalytic inactivation of RNaseH1 to disrupt R-loop homeostasis.
  • Investigating the interaction between Sox2 and Ddx5.
  • Utilizing dCas9-mediated targeting to modulate R-loop regions.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic R-loop alterations are essential for reprogramming and precede gene expression changes.
  • Disruption of R-loop homeostasis by RNaseH1 depletion/inactivation blocks reprogramming.
  • Sox2, but not other Yamanaka factors, can overcome RNaseH1 inhibition.
  • Sox2 inhibits Ddx5's R-loop resolvase activity, facilitating reprogramming.
  • dCas9-mediated targeting modulates reprogramming efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • R-loops play a critical role in somatic cell reprogramming.
  • The Sox2/Ddx5 regulatory module modulates R-loops during reprogramming.
  • Targeting R-loops offers a potential strategy for modulating reprogramming efficiency.