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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Ovaries01:26

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The ovaries are roughly the size of almonds and measure approximately 2 to 3 centimeters in length. These paired structures are situated within the pelvic region and are anchored by the mesovarium—a peritoneal extension that also connects them to the wider structure of the broad ligament. The support system extends to the suspensory ligament, housing blood and lymphatic vessels. In addition, the ovarian ligament tethers the ovaries to the uterus.
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
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Moody Mares-Is Ovariectomy a Solution?

Daniel Taasti Melgaard1, Trine Stokbro Korsgaard2, Martin Soendergaard Thoefner1

  • 1Hoersholm Equine Clinic, Kongevejen 124D, 3480 Fredensborg, Denmark.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|July 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilateral ovariectomy in mares can improve unwanted behaviors and rideability. This surgical procedure showed positive results in horses with normal or neoplastic ovaries, suggesting a potential benefit for behavioral issues not linked to the estrus cycle.

Keywords:
moody maresovarian neoplasiaovariectomytumourunwanted behaviour

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Science
  • Equine Behavior
  • Reproductive Surgery

Background:

  • Unwanted behaviors in mares, such as aggression or uncooperativeness, are common veterinary issues.
  • These behaviors can range from ground handling difficulties to riding problems and inter-horse aggression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of bilateral ovariectomy on the behavior and rideability of mares presenting with unwanted behaviors.
  • To compare outcomes based on the histological classification of ovaries (normal vs. neoplastic).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of twenty-eight ovariectomized mares.
  • Owners provided semi-quantitative scores (1-10) for behavior and rideability pre- and post-surgery.
  • Mares were grouped based on histopathologic ovarian diagnosis: 'Normal ovaries' or 'Neoplasia'.

Main Results:

  • Rideability improved post-ovariectomy in 80% of mares with normal ovaries and 57% with ovarian neoplasm.
  • Behavioral improvement was observed in 40% of mares with normal ovaries and 43% with ovarian neoplasm.
  • No significant difference in behavioral or rideability improvement was found between mares with normal versus neoplastic ovaries.

Conclusions:

  • Bilateral ovariectomy can be a beneficial treatment for mares with unwanted behaviors and rideability issues, even when not clearly linked to the estrus cycle or pain.
  • The procedure appears effective regardless of whether the ovaries are histologically normal or neoplastic.