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Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor

Electrolytes: van't Hoff Factor

Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species dissolved. The concentration terms in the equations for various colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure) pertain to all solute species present in the solution. Nonelectrolytes dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Each molecule that dissolves yields one...

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...

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Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Guidelines for designing highly concentrated electrolytes for low temperature applications.

Guillaume Ah-Lung¹, Benjamin Flamme¹, Fouad Ghamouss²

¹Laboratoire PCM2E, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France. jj@univ-tours.fr.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|July 28, 2020

Summary

State-of-the-art aqueous lithium-ion battery electrolytes, known as water-in-salt, are unsuitable for low-temperature applications. Eutectic electrolytes with invariant composition, like water/LiNO3, offer superior electrochemical cycling performance down to -23 °C.

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

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Published on: December 20, 2016

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Energy Storage

Background:

Aqueous electrolytes, particularly "water-in-salt" systems based on lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), are state-of-the-art for lithium-ion batteries.
Understanding their operational temperature limits is crucial for practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To clarify the operating temperature range of LiTFSI-based aqueous electrolytes.
To identify alternative electrolyte designs for low-temperature performance.

Main Methods:

In-depth analysis of LiTFSI-based aqueous solutions.
Electrochemical cycling studies of various electrolyte compositions at low temperatures.

Main Results:

LiTFSI-based aqueous electrolytes show limitations at low temperatures.
Eutectic water/LiNO3 electrolytes demonstrate stable electrochemical cycling down to -23 °C.

Conclusions:

The term "water-in-salt" needs redefinition regarding operating temperatures.
Electrolytes with invariant composition, such as water/LiNO3, are a promising strategy for low-temperature lithium-ion battery applications.