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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Abdominal Regions and Quadrants01:19

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

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To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians typically use imaginary lines to categorize the abdominopelvic cavity into either four quadrants or nine regions to identify organs in the cavity.
The simpler quadrants approach, which is more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersects at the patient's umbilicus (navel). The four...
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography
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Two bladders, two colons and two uteruses.

Luke Geoghegan1,2, Manish Ahuja1, Hemant Sheth1

  • 1Department of General Surgery, Ealing Hospital, London, UK.

Journal of Surgical Case Reports
|July 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare case of complete colonic duplication, a congenital condition, was incidentally discovered alongside uterine didelphys and bladder abnormalities. This duplicated colon was later diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, now managed with medical therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Complete colonic duplication is a rare congenital anomaly.
  • It is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally.
  • Associated anomalies can occur, impacting diagnosis and management.

Observation:

  • A case of tubular colonic duplication was incidentally identified.
  • The duplication was associated with uterine didelphys and a bladder septum.
  • Cross-sectional imaging facilitated the incidental discovery.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis affecting the duplicated colon.
  • Ulcerative colitis in a duplicated colon presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • The patient achieved remission with current medical management.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of recognizing rare congenital anomalies.
  • It underscores the need for comprehensive evaluation when anomalies are detected.
  • Understanding the interplay between congenital anomalies and inflammatory bowel disease is crucial for patient care.