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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Viral Recombination00:57

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Collateral Lethal Effects of Complementary Oncolytic Viruses.

Justin W Maroun1,2, Velia Penza1, Taylor M Weiskittel1,2

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Molecular Therapy Oncolytics
|July 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oncolytic viruses can be enhanced by pairing them with poxviruses. This combination overcomes the antiviral state in tumors, improving cancer treatment efficacy and promoting virus replication.

Keywords:
Antiviral ImmunityMengovirusOncolytic virusVaccinia virusVesicular Stomatitis virus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Virus-infected cells release type 1 interferons, inducing an antiviral state in neighboring cells.
  • Viruses employ stealth or combat strategies to evade or counteract host antiviral responses.
  • Oncolytic viruses are a novel class of anticancer drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if coinfection with poxviruses can enhance the replication and antitumor efficacy of oncolytic RNA viruses.
  • To determine if poxviruses can reverse the interferon-induced antiviral state in tumor cells.

Main Methods:

  • Tumor cells pretreated with interferon were coinfected with oncolytic RNA viruses and a poxvirus.
  • Viral replication was assessed in vitro.
  • Antitumor efficacy was evaluated in a syngeneic mouse tumor model in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Oncolytic RNA viruses replicated efficiently when coinfected with poxviruses, despite interferon pretreatment.
  • The poxvirus reversed the intratumoral antiviral state in vivo.
  • This rescue of RNA virus replication led to significant antitumor efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Pairing oncolytic viruses with poxviruses is a promising strategy to enhance their antitumor activity.
  • Poxviruses can overcome the host antiviral response, enabling effective oncolytic virotherapy.