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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas
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Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas

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Olfactory Neuroblastoma.

Mathieu Veyrat1, Benjamin Vérillaud2, Domitille Fiaux-Camous1

  • 1ENT Department - Skull Base Center, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.

Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
|July 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory neuroblastoma, a rare tumor, requires multimodal treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Advanced stages and high grades (Hyams III-IV) indicate poorer prognosis, necessitating lifelong follow-up.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare malignancy originating in the olfactory cleft.
  • Diagnosis relies on nasal endoscopy, advanced imaging (CT, MRI, PET), and biopsy for grading.
  • Tumor staging utilizes Kadish (clinical-radiological) and Hyams (histological) classifications, with Hyams grades III-IV correlating with poorer prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic and staging modalities for olfactory neuroblastoma.
  • To discuss current multimodal treatment strategies, emphasizing surgical approaches.
  • To identify key prognostic factors influencing patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic techniques including nasal endoscopy, CT, MRI, and PET scans.
  • Analysis of staging systems: Kadish and Hyams grading.
  • Evaluation of treatment modalities: surgery (anterior craniofacial resection, transnasal endoscopic surgery), chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
  • Identification of prognostic indicators.

Main Results:

  • Transnasal endoscopic surgery offers advantages over open techniques, including fewer complications and shorter hospital stays.
  • Multimodal treatment combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy is essential for optimal management.
  • Advanced tumor stages (Kadish C-D) and high histological grades (Hyams III-IV) are associated with significantly worse outcomes.
  • Positive surgical margins are a critical factor for poor prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Early and accurate diagnosis and staging are crucial for effective olfactory neuroblastoma management.
  • Surgical intervention, particularly minimally invasive endoscopic techniques, plays a vital role in treatment.
  • Adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy are recommended for advanced and high-grade tumors.
  • Lifelong follow-up is essential due to the potential for recurrence and the identification of poor prognostic factors.