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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Chromosome Pairing in Polyploid Grasses.

Radim Svačina1, Pierre Sourdille2, David Kopecký1

  • 1Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czechia.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|August 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyploidy, the presence of multiple chromosome sets, is key in plant evolution. This review explores polyploid formation, its role in grasses (Poaceae), and meiotic stability mechanisms, especially in wheat.

Keywords:
Poaceaechromosome pairinghomoeologous pairingmeiosispolyploidy

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Polyploidy, defined as having three or more chromosome sets, is a significant evolutionary force in plants.
  • Polyploid species arise either from within a single species (autopolyploids) or through hybridization between distinct species followed by genome duplication (allopolyploids).
  • While polyploidy offers fitness advantages, it necessitates mechanisms for stable chromosome segregation during meiosis to prevent aneuploid gametes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the formation pathways of polyploid species.
  • To discuss the prevalence and significance of polyploidy within the grass family (Poaceae).
  • To examine the mechanisms governing chromosome associations during meiosis in polyploids, with a focus on wheat.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on polyploidy.
  • Comparative analysis of polyploid formation and meiotic regulation across plant taxa.
  • Focus on genetic and cytological mechanisms controlling chromosome behavior in polyploid wheat.

Main Results:

  • Polyploidy is a major driver of plant speciation and adaptation.
  • The grass family (Poaceae) exhibits extensive polyploid diversity.
  • Mechanisms like pairing regulation are crucial for maintaining genome stability in polyploids, particularly in wheat.

Conclusions:

  • Polyploidy is a fundamental evolutionary process in plants, contributing to genetic diversity and adaptation.
  • Understanding meiotic regulation in polyploids is essential for crop improvement and evolutionary studies.
  • Wheat serves as a key model for investigating polyploid meiotic mechanisms due to its complex genome.