Cascaded Stokes and anti-Stokes laser based on an optical resonator with a self-assembled organic monolayer

Due to their high circulating intensities, ultra-high quality factor dielectric whispering gallery mode resonators have enabled the development of low threshold Raman microlasers. Subsequently, other Raman-related phenomena, such as cascaded stimulated Raman scattering (CSRS) and stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SARS), were observed. While low threshold frequency conversion and generation have clear applications, CSRS and SARS have been limited by the low Raman gain. In this work, the surface of a silica resonator is modified with an organic monolayer, increasing the Raman gain. Up to four orders of CSRS are observed with sub-milliwatt (mW) input power, and the SARS efficiency is improved by three orders of magnitude compared to previous studies with hybrid resonators.