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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
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Aging Predicts Decline in Explicit and Implicit Memory: A Life-Span Study.

Emma V Ward1, Christopher J Berry2, David R Shanks3

  • 1Psychology Department, Middlesex University.

Psychological Science
|August 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memory decline in older adults affects explicit memory, but implicit memory remains debated. This study found age significantly impacts both explicit and implicit memory for attended items, challenging the notion of age invariance in implicit memory.

Keywords:
agingexplicit memoryimplicit memoryopen dataprimingrecognition

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Aging Research

Background:

  • Explicit memory demonstrably declines with age, while age-related effects on implicit memory are less clear.
  • Understanding implicit memory's trajectory is crucial for developing interventions for age-related memory loss.
  • Previous research faced methodological challenges, necessitating a robust investigation into age and implicit memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the impact of aging on implicit memory (priming) and its relationship with explicit memory (recognition, source memory).
  • To address methodological limitations in prior studies investigating age effects on memory.
  • To examine the roles of attention and depth of processing in age-related memory changes.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited a large, life-span sample (N=1,072) of participants at a Science Museum.
  • Utilized an implicit memory task designed to minimize explicit contamination.
  • Manipulated attentional focus and depth of processing during a visual object recognition task.

Main Results:

  • Age significantly predicted a decline in explicit memory for attended items.
  • Age also significantly predicted a decline in implicit memory for attended items.
  • Both implicit and explicit memory performance decreased with increasing age for items that were attended.

Conclusions:

  • Contrary to some theories, implicit memory for attended items is not age-invariant.
  • Aging affects both explicit and implicit memory systems, particularly for information that receives attention.
  • Findings suggest that interventions targeting memory decline should consider the impact of aging on both memory types.