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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Contusion Spinal Cord Injury via a Microsurgical Laminectomy in the Regenerative Axolotl
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[Spinal Cord Sarcoidosis].

Miwako Fujisawa1, Michiaki Koga, Takashi Kanda

  • 1Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|August 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Spinal sarcoidosis presents a diagnostic challenge for myelopathy of unknown origin. Early, extensive evaluations for sarcoidosis are crucial before immunotherapy, especially without histological confirmation.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Spinal cord sarcoidosis is a rare neurological condition.
  • It often presents as myelopathy of unknown origin, posing diagnostic difficulties.
  • Definitive diagnosis typically requires invasive spinal cord biopsy for histological confirmation of non-caseating epithelioid granuloma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges of spinal cord sarcoidosis.
  • To emphasize the importance of evaluating other organ involvement for diagnosis.
  • To underscore the need for thorough pre-treatment assessment before immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic challenges in spinal cord sarcoidosis.
  • Discussion on the limitations of invasive biopsy procedures.

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  • Emphasis on systematic search for sarcoidosis involvement in other organs.
  • Consideration of 'easy touch' lesion biopsies for diagnosis.

    • Main Results:

    • Histological confirmation via spinal cord biopsy is invasive and often difficult to obtain.
    • Extensive searches for sarcoidosis in other organs are essential.
    • Spinal sarcoidosis frequently exhibits refractoriness to treatment, necessitating prolonged management.
    • Immunotherapy for spinal sarcoidosis often requires high-dose corticosteroids or immunosuppressants.

    Conclusions:

    • Early and comprehensive evaluation for sarcoidosis is critical in myelopathy of unknown origin.
    • Biopsy of accessible lesions in other organs should be prioritized.
    • Initiation of immunotherapy should be preceded by thorough assessment to confirm sarcoidosis likelihood, particularly when histological evidence is lacking.