Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

39.4K
Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
39.4K
Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies01:11

Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies

2.4K
In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...
2.4K
Multiple Pipe Systems01:21

Multiple Pipe Systems

1.0K
Multipipe systems consist of complex configurations of interconnected pipes designed to transport fluids efficiently across intricate networks. They are essential in engineering applications requiring precise control over flow distribution, pressure, and head loss. They are categorized into series, parallel, loop, and network configurations, each distinguished by unique flow characteristics and applications.
Series Configuration
In a series configuration, fluid flows sequentially from one pipe...
1.0K
Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

420
In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
420
Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

282
When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
282

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Associations Between Admission C-Reactive Protein and In-Hospital Mortality Amongst Patients with Cardiogenic Shock.

European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care·2026
Same author

Nanobody-based analysis of RhoGTPase stress response in <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>: Role of <i>mtl</i>2.

Biotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

Compressive strength prediction of coconut fiber reinforced concrete using PSO optimized explainable machine learning.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Early Corticosteroid use and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Mixed and Cardiogenic Shock.

Journal of intensive care medicine·2026
Same author

The role of multimodality in clinical disease diagnosis: advances, challenges, and opportunities.

Frontiers in public health·2026
Same author

EAC-Agent: A deep learning framework for multimodal emotion-aware conversational agent with contextual response generation.

PloS one·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem
10:15

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem

Published on: February 3, 2021

4.1K

A Secure Communication in IoT Enabled Underwater and Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Cities.

Tariq Ali1, Muhammad Irfan1, Ahmad Shaf2

  • 1Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The novel Time Based Reliable Link (TBRL) protocol enhances Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater and Wireless Sensor Networks (I-UWSN) for smart cities. TBRL improves path selection and network topology, outperforming existing protocols in key performance metrics.

Keywords:
reliablerouting protocolsmart citiestopology discover

More Related Videos

Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process
08:15

Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process

Published on: July 15, 2022

3.7K
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

975

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem
10:15

Integration of 5G Experimentation Infrastructures into a Multi-Site NFV Ecosystem

Published on: February 3, 2021

4.1K
Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process
08:15

Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process

Published on: July 15, 2022

3.7K
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

975

Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Networking
  • Internet of Things

Background:

  • Smart cities increasingly rely on the Internet of Things (IoT) for environmental monitoring.
  • Underwater and Wireless Sensor Networks (I-UWSN) are crucial for IoT applications, utilizing acoustic and radio frequency for communication.
  • Challenges in I-UWSN include selecting reliable multi-node paths and efficient network topology management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel routing protocol, Time Based Reliable Link (TBRL), for dynamic I-UWSN topologies supporting smart city applications.
  • To address the challenges of reliable path selection and efficient network topology in I-UWSN.
  • To enhance the performance of I-UWSN in smart city environments.

Main Methods:

  • TBRL operates in three phases: topology discovery, link reliability determination using a two-node model, and most reliable path selection.
  • The protocol was simulated using the NS-2 AquaSim network simulator.
  • Performance was evaluated against Depth Based Routing (DBR) and Reliable Energy-efficient Routing Protocol (R-ERP2R), and reliability was compared with 2H-ACK and 3H-RM.

Main Results:

  • TBRL demonstrated superior performance compared to DBR and R-ERP2R.
  • The protocol achieved approximately 15% better performance than DBR and 10% better than R-ERP2R in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption.
  • The reliability of TBRL was validated against other methods.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed Time Based Reliable Link (TBRL) protocol effectively supports smart city initiatives by optimizing I-UWSN performance.
  • TBRL offers significant improvements in reliability, efficiency, and data delivery for underwater and wireless sensor networks.
  • The protocol successfully addresses key challenges in dynamic I-UWSN topology management and path selection.