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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

2.5K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
2.5K
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

554
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
554
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

189
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
189
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

588
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
588
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

130
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
130
Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions01:30

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions

311
The first step in nursing management of a patient with heart failure involves thoroughly assessing the patient's medical history.Subjective Data: Obtain the patient's medical history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and symptoms like dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.Objective Data: Conduct a physical examination to identify findings such as jugular vein distention, pulmonary crackles, tachycardia, murmurs, peripheral edema, and vital signs,...
311

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Review.

Sean P Murphy1, Nasrien E Ibrahim2,3, James L Januzzi2,3,4

  • 1Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

JAMA
|August 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) affects millions globally. Recent advancements in therapies like SGLT2 inhibitors and vericiguat offer improved outcomes, though significant morbidity and mortality persist.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a growing global health concern, with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) accounting for approximately 50% of cases.
  • HFrEF is defined by a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40% or less, characterized by ventricular dysfunction, dilatation, and adverse cardiac remodeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the current diagnostic and therapeutic landscape for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
  • To highlight recent advancements in HFrEF management and their impact on patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, elevated natriuretic peptides, and echocardiographic identification of LVEF ≤ 40%.
  • Treatment strategies encompass foundational neurohormonal therapies (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors/ARBs/ARNIs, MRAs), with additional agents like SGLT2 inhibitors and vericiguat.
  • Device therapies, including cardiac resynchronization therapy and transcatheter mitral valve repair, are considered for specific patient subgroups.

Main Results:

  • Foundational therapies significantly improve outcomes in HFrEF.
  • Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular and all-cause mortality irrespective of diabetes status.
  • Vericiguat demonstrates a reduction in heart failure hospitalizations in high-risk HFrEF patients.

Conclusions:

  • HFrEF remains a significant public health challenge with high morbidity and mortality.
  • Recent therapeutic breakthroughs, including SGLT2 inhibitors and vericiguat, have substantially improved prognosis.
  • Despite advances, a 5-year survival rate of 25% post-hospitalization underscores the need for continued research and optimized patient care.