Older adults reduce the complexity and efficiency of neuromuscular control to preserve walking balance

Healthy aging modifies neuromuscular control of dynamic balance. Challenging tasks could amplify such modifications, providing clinical insights. We examined the effects of age and walking condition difficulty on neuromuscular control of walking balance. We analyzed whole-body kinematics and activity of 13 right leg and trunk muscles in 17 young (11 males and 6 females; age 24 ± 3 years) and 14 older adults (3 males and 11 females; age 69 ± 4 years) while walking on a taped line on the floor and a 6-cm wide beam. Spatiotemporal parameters of gait, margin of stability, motor performance, and muscle synergies were estimated. Regardless of age, maintaining walking balance was more difficult on the beam compared to the taped line as evidenced by a shorter distance walked (17.3%), a reduction in step length (5.8%) and speed (10.3%), as well as a 40.0% smaller margin of stability during beam vs. tape walking. The number of muscle synergies was also higher during beam vs. tape walking. Compared to younger adults, older adults had larger margin of stability during beam walking. Older adults also had higher muscle co-activity within each muscle synergy and greater variance accounted for by the first muscle synergy regardless of condition. Such age-effects may be interpreted as a safer, less efficient, and less complex neuromuscular modular control strategy. In conclusion, beam walking increased the difficulty of maintaining walking balance and induced adaptations in modular control. It seems that healthy older adults reduce the complexity and efficiency of neuromuscular control of walking to preserve walking balance.