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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils
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Immunological and Microbiological Profiling of Cumulative Risk Score for Periodontitis.

Joonas Liukkonen1, Ulvi K Gürsoy1, Eija Könönen1,2

  • 1Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The cumulative risk score (CRS) effectively identifies periodontitis risk by linking salivary immune responses and bacterial markers. High CRS correlates with specific salivary antibodies and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, validating its diagnostic potential.

Keywords:
bacteriabiomarkerslipopolysaccharidessalivaserum

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Area of Science:

  • Oral microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Periodontology

Background:

  • The cumulative risk score (CRS) is a salivary diagnostic model for periodontitis risk assessment.
  • Further validation is needed to understand the relationship between CRS, periodontal bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and host immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between CRS and specific periodontal bacteria, LPS, and systemic/local host immune responses.
  • To validate the CRS as a salivary biomarker for periodontitis risk.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of subgingival plaque, saliva, and serum samples from 445 individuals.
  • Quantification of 28 microbial species, IgA/IgG antibodies against key periodontal pathogens, and LPS activity.
  • Logistic regression modeling to identify predictors of high CRS.

Main Results:

  • High CRS strongly correlated with salivary IgA/IgG antibody levels against five key periodontal species and salivary LPS levels.
  • Serum antibody levels showed less obvious associations with CRS.
  • Key predictors of high CRS included salivary IgA and IgG burdens, LPS levels, and the presence of 17 subgingival Gram-negative species.

Conclusions:

  • CRS is strongly associated with specific microbial biomarkers of periodontitis.
  • Salivary humoral immune responses against these bacteria are significant predictors of CRS.
  • The findings support CRS as a validated salivary biomarker for periodontitis risk.