The Use of Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly and Nanocellulose to Prepare Advanced Functional Materials

The current knowledge about the formation of layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assemblies using combinations of nanocelluloses (NCs) and polyelectrolytes is reviewed. Herein, the fundamentals behind the LbL formation, with a major focus on NCs, are considered. Following this, a special description of the limiting factors for the formation of LbLs of only NCs, both anionic and cationic, and the combination of NCs and polyelectrolytes/nanoparticles is provided. The ability of the NCs and polyelectrolytes to form dense films with excellent mechanical properties and with tailored optical properties is then reviewed. How low-density, wet stable networks of cellulose nanofibrils can be used as substrates for the preparation of antibacterial, electrically interactive, and fire-retardant materials by forming well-defined LbLs inside these networks is then considered. A short outlook of the possible uses of LbLs containing NCs is given to conclude.