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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation
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Nonlinear optical induced lattice in atomic configurations.

Sijia Hui1, Feng Wen2, Xiaojun Yu3

  • 1Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Science, Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.

Scientific Reports
|August 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a tunable nonlinear optically induced periodic lattice for micro medium imaging. This novel electromagnetic induced lattice (EIL) offers ultra-fast diffraction energy changes, advancing optical imaging equipment.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Atomic Physics
  • Nonlinear Optics

Background:

  • Traditional artificial lattices lack tunable refractive indices, limiting micro medium imaging applications.
  • Existing optical imaging equipment faces challenges with flexible application in micro-scale environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel approach for quantifying lattices using nonlinear optically induced periodic lattices.
  • To develop a tunable refractive index lattice for advanced optical imaging.
  • To broaden the understanding of nonlinear optical processes in atomic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing nonlinear four-wave mixing (FWM) signal modulation via self-dressed and dual-dressed standing waves.
  • Investigating space amplitude and synthetization modulation of the electromagnetic induced lattice (EIL) at the atom surface.
  • Analyzing far-field diffraction patterns of the FWM signal.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a tunable electromagnetic induced lattice (EIL) with controllable refractive index.
  • Confirmed transformation of FWM signal diffraction intensity from zero-order to higher-order.
  • Observed ultra-fast diffraction energy changes in the tunable EIL.

Conclusions:

  • The tunable EIL offers a significant advancement over traditional lattices with fixed refractive indices.
  • This technology enhances the understanding of nonlinear optical phenomena.
  • Paves the way for developing high-resolution two-dimensional nonlinear atomic imaging systems.