Fine particulate matter constituents and heart rate variability: A panel study in Shanghai, China

Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been associated with reduced heart rate variability (HRV), an established indicator of cardiac autonomic function, but it remains uncertain which specific constituents of PM_2.5 had key impacts.

To examine the short-term associations between various PM_2.5 constituents and HRV measures.

We conducted a retrospective panel study among 78 participants who received repeated 24-h electrocardiogram testing in Shanghai, China from 2015 to 2019. We obtained daily concentrations of 14 main chemical constituents of PM_2.5 from a fixed-site monitor. During 3 or 4 rounds of follow-ups, we measured 6 HRV parameters, including 3 frequency-domain parameters (power in very low frequency, low frequency and high frequency) and 3 time-domain parameters (standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, root mean square successive difference and percent of adjacent normal R-R intervals with a difference ≥50 msec). We used linear mixed-effects models to analyze the data after controlling for time trends, environmental and individual risk factors.

The average daily PM_2.5 exposure was 45.8 μg/m³ during the study period. The present-day exposure to PM_2.5 had the strongest negative influences on various HRV indicators. These associations attenuated greatly on lag 1 d or lag 2 d. Elemental carbon, organic carbon, nitrate, sulfate, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and nickel were consistently associated with reduced HRV parameters in both single-constituent models and constituent-PM_2.5 models.

Our study highlighted the key roles of traffic-related components of PM_2.5 in inhibiting cardiac autonomic function.