Development of the orbicularis oris muscle in normal and cleft lip and palate human fetuses using three-dimensional...

As part of an ongoing study of cleft lip and palate fetal morphology, normal and dysmorphic development of the human fetal orbicularis oris muscle was studied in a cross-sectional sample of 29 human fetuses (20 "normal" and 9 cleft lip and palate) ranging in age from 8 to 21 postmenstrual weeks. The specimens were embedded in celloidin and sectioned at 20 microns, and every tenth section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A computer reconstruction technique was applied to produce three-dimensional representations of the orbicularis oris muscle. The orbicularis oris muscle in the normal fetal sample with discernible lip fibers (N = 15) increased symmetrically in both fiber density and complexity from 12 to 21 weeks. Metrically, muscle volume and thickness growth curves were consistent with qualitative observations. In contrast, the unilateral cleft lip and palate fetal specimens with discernible lip fibers (N = 3) exhibited a 3.5-week delay in overall muscle development, asymmetrical fiber distribution, and abnormal fiber insertions. However, quantitatively, no significant (p greater than 0.05) differences were noted in orbicularis oris muscle thickness or volume between the normal and cleft lip and palate fetal specimens through 21 weeks. Findings suggest that orbicularis muscle deficiency, noted clinically in cleft lip and palate neonates, may be a result of perinatal functional dysmorphogenesis rather than congenital mesenchymal reduction or deficiency.