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Patterns of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Alcohol-Related Dysmorphic Features.

Gretchen Bandoli1, Ken Jones1, Wladimir Wertelecki1,2

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Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research
|August 11, 2020
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Summary

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) patterns impact infant dysmorphic features. High and sustained PAE significantly increased the risk of dysmorphic abnormalities, including facial features and growth deficits.

Keywords:
DysmorphologyEpidemiologyPrenatal Alcohol Exposure

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Area of Science:

  • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Teratology

Background:

  • Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can cause various birth defects.
  • The timing and pattern of PAE may influence the type and severity of dysmorphic abnormalities.
  • Understanding these relationships is crucial for early identification and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if different patterns of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) differentially predict alcohol-related dysmorphic features in infants.
  • To analyze the association between five distinct PAE trajectories and specific dysmorphic outcomes.
  • To quantify the risk of dysmorphic features based on the level and duration of PAE.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a prospective pregnancy cohort in western Ukraine (2008-2014).
  • Categorization of participants into five PAE trajectories based on timing and level of alcohol consumption.
  • Dysmorphology examinations of infants (n=415) at 6-12 months, assessing body size and various dysmorphic features.
  • Statistical analysis including univariate and multivariable comparisons, adjusted for confounding factors.

Main Results:

  • The three highest PAE trajectories were associated with increased total dysmorphology scores, especially in sustained exposure groups.
  • Increased risk (2-3 fold) for multiple cardinal facial features was observed in the three highest PAE trajectories.
  • The highest PAE trajectory predicted growth deficits (height, weight, head circumference), and hypotelorism; moderate/high with reduction also predicted height.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support a wide range of dysmorphic features associated with PAE.
  • High and sustained levels of prenatal alcohol exposure pose the greatest risk for significant dysmorphic abnormalities.
  • While specific trajectory patterns didn't show differential results, the overall impact of significant PAE on infant development is evident.